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How did they calculate that a queen was equivalent to 9 pawns?

It is just a relative value. Any piece, even the humble Pawn, can Checkmate the opponent's King, with backup of course !
some people look at it as follows queen= rook 5 bishop 3 and pawn 1 =9 , I think she is worth 8 if rooks worth four that's how I calculate games more and more now with rooks not worth 5 but 4 xxx just my thoughts on your question xxx
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When I was a child, I always thought the bishop was 4, the rook 5, and since the queen can do both it should be 9.
@Billmtl said in #1:
> Is there a mathematical proof of that?
There's none. Just a random means of measure but it doesn't exist cause everything depends on position. There was a position where a Queen was worse than a Rook and one where it was too powerful. It's all positional.
Seirawan had an interesting way to give some very rough intuitions about where the points of pieces come from. He basicallu counts the squares on the opponent's half of the board that could be attacked by the piece when the piece is in a properly chosen square.

A pawn that is properly positioned can attack at most 2 squares in the opponent half.

A knight can attack at most 6 squares in the opponent's half (try to believe). 6/2=3, so the knight is worth roughly 3 pawns.

A bishop can attack at most 7 squares (but most often 6 or less) in the opponent's half, so it is also worth roughly 3 pawns, and slightly more than the knight

A rook can attack at most 10 squares in the opponent half, so it is worth roughly 10/2= 5 pawns.

However, according to this logic, the queen should be 8 rather than 9, because it can at most control 16 opponent's squares... Mmmh interesting. I remember there was some reasoning behind the bonus point for the queen but I forgot it.

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