How to punish opponents who refused to castle?

I castled quickly, won one pawn and got some advantage, but I failed in the sharp middle game.

22...h5 should consolidate your material advantage: pawn and exchange up
6...Nh6 is a knight on the rim. Why not the natural 6...Nf6
10...Nd4 was strong, 12...Nd4 not that much
12...e5 was a way to punish the uncastled king
Why not the simple 15...Rxf4: a free pawn to take

i'll add. in such positions don't give your black bishop even for a rook. it's an ok move don't get me wrong
but in a way it's asking for troubles because your opponent has many pieces pointing at your king. it turns out you had better options like the simple Qxa2. in fact i suspect your opponent only played RC3 in the hopes that you would take it...

i suppose he played Nh6 to keep control of the center with the bishop, it has some logic at least.

for rxf4 while the move is good i suppose he didn't want to see the queen landing on g6. not that white get anything with it...

Your black king open for white check in any angle

open the center

White's decision not to castle seemed reasonable to me. I doubt that it's anything that can be "punished."

@MrPushwood

this is some kind of disease. i mean players often think there's a way to refute opponent's play when one doesn't obey to the chess fundamentals. i was actually quite affected by that earlier on. the cure is to analyse the position and to judge what's called for... when a gm does a king move instead of castling that's quite often a star move. when amateurs don't castle that's often suspicious

You cannot punish me, the master of chess!

You can only punish an uncastled king by having a coordinated attack against their position. If there's no threat against the center to castle away from, there's no benefit to castling. Here, your attack is primarily the bishops targeting queenside, with no good way to transition to the king's position, so your opponent didn't need to castle.

Maybe there was a chance to break open the c file to get your rook near the king, but by move 18 you don't have time for that, you have to be defending against White's threats.